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v3G\p4 ! #basename - strip directory and suffix from filenames basename removes all leading directory components from the file name defined by string. If the file name defined by string has a suffix that ends in suffix, it is removed as well. If string consists solely of / characters the output will be a single / unless PATH_LEADING_SLASHES returned by getconf(1) is 1 and string consists of multiple / characters in which case // will be output. Otherwise, trailing / characters are removed, and if there are any remaining / characters in string, all characters up to and including the last / are removed. Finally, if suffix is specified, and is identical the end of string, these characters are removed. The characters not removed from string will be written to standard output. string [suffix] Successful Completion. An error occurred. dirname(1), getconf(1), basename(3) cat - concatenate files cat copies each file in sequence to the standard output. If no file is given, or if the file is -, cat copies from standard input starting at the current location. number-nonblank Number lines as with -n but omit line numbers from blank lines. dos-input Input files are opened in textmode which removes carriage returns in front of new-lines on some systems. Equivalent to -vE. number Causes a line number to be inserted at the beginning of each line. Equivalent to -S for att universe and -B otherwise. Equivalent to -vT. unbuffer The output is not delayed by buffering. show-nonprinting Causes non-printing characters (whith the exception of tabs, new-lines, and form-feeds) to be output is printable charater sequences. ASCII control characters are printed as ^n, where n is the corresponding ASCII character in the range octal 100-137. The DEL character (octal 0177) is copied as ^?. Other non-printable characters are copied as M-x where x is the ASCII character specified by the low-order seven bits. show-all Equivalent to -vET. squeeze-blank Multiple adjacent new-line characters are replace by one new-line. dos-output Output files are opened in textmode which inserts carriage returns in front of new-lines on some systems. show-ends Causes a $ to be inserted before each new-line. silent cat is silent about non-existent files. show-blank Causes tabs to be copied as ^I and formfeeds as ^L. [file ...] cp(1), getconf(1), pr(1) chgrp - change the group ownership of files chgrp changes the group ownership of each file to group, which can be either a group name or a numeric group id. The user ownership of each file may also be changed to user by prepending user: to the group name. changes quiet|silent Do not report files whose permissioins fail to change. symlink Change the ownership of the symbolic links on systems that support this. map Don't warn about timeout expiration and log file changes. show Show actions but don't execute. verbose Describe changed permissions of all files. metaphysical Follow symbolic links for command arguments; otherwise don't follow symbolic links when traversing directories. logical|follow Follow symbolic links when traversing directories. physical|nofollow Don't follow symbolic links when traversing directories. recursive Recursively change ownership of directories and their contents. [[owner:]group] All files changed successfully. Unable to change ownership of one or more files. getconf(1), creat(2), pathchk(2) chmod - change the access permissions of files chmod changes the permission of each file according to mode, which can be either a symbolic representation of changes to make, or an octal number representing the bit pattern for the new permissions. Symbolic mode strings consist of one or more comma separated list of operations that can be perfomed on the mode. Each operation is of the form user op perm where user is zero or more of the following letters: User permission bits. Group permission bits. Other permission bits. All permission bits. This is the default if none are specified. The perm portion consists of zero or more of the following letters: Read permission. Setuid when u is selected for who and setgid when g is selected for who. Write permission. Execute permission for files, search permission for directories. Same as x except that it is ignored for files that do not already have at least one x bit set. Exclusive lock bit on systems that support it. Group execute must be off. Sticky bit on systems that support it. The op portion consists of one or more of the following characters: Cause the permission selected to be added to the existing permissions. | is equivalent to +. Cause the permission selected to be removed to the existing permissions. Cause the permission to be set to the given permissions. Cause the permission selected to be anded with the existing permissions. Symbolic modes with the user portion omitted are subject to umask(2) settings unless the = op or the --ignore-umask option is specified. A numeric mode is from one to four octal digits (0-7), derived by adding up the bits with values 4, 2, and 1. Any omitted digits are assumed to be leading zeros. The first digit selects the set user ID (4) and set group ID (2) and save text image (1) attributes. The second digit selects permissions for the user who owns the file: read (4), write (2), and execute (1); the third selects permissionsfor other users in the file's group, with the same values; and the fourth for other users not in the file's group, with the same values. For symbolic links, by default, chmod changes the mode on the file referenced by the symbolic link, not on the symbolic link itself. The -h options can be specified to change the mode of the link. When traversing directories with -R, chmod either follows symbolic links or does not follow symbolic links, based on the options -H, -L, and -P. The configuration parameter PATH_RESOLVE determines the default behavior if none of these options is specified. When the -c or -v options are specified, change notifications are written to standard output using the format, mode of %s changed to %0.4o (%s), with arguments of the pathname, the numeric mode, and the resulting permission bits as would be displayed by the ls command. For backwards compatibility, if an invalid option is given that is a valid symbolic mode specification, chmod treats this as a mode specification rather than as an option specification. Follow symbolic links for command arguments; otherwise don't follow symbolic links when traversing directories. Change the mode for files in subdirectories recursively. Describe only files whose permission actually change. Change the mode of the symbolic links on systems that support this. ignore-umask Ignore the umask(2) value in symbolic mode expressions. This is probably how you expect chmod to work. mode file ... Unable to change mode of one or more files. chgrp(1), chown(1), tw(1), getconf(1), ls(1), umask(2) chown - change the ownership of files chown changes the ownership of each file to user, which can be either a user name or a numeric user id. The group ownership of each file may also be changed to user by appending :group to the user name. [owner[:group]] cmp - compare two files cmp compares two files file1 and file2. cmp writes no output if the files are the same. By default, if the files differ, the byte and line number at which the first difference occurred are written to standard output. Bytes and lines are numbered beginning with 1. If skip1 or skip2 are specified, or the -i option is specified, initial bytes of the corresponding file are skipped before beginning the compare. The skip values are in bytes or can have a suffix of k for kilobytes or m for megabytes. If either file1 or files2 is -, cmp uses standard input starting at the current location. print-chars Writes control characters as a ^ followed by a letter of the alphabet and precede characters that have the high bit set with M- as with cat(1). ignore-initial skip:=0 Sets default skip values for the operands skip1 and skip2 to skip. Write the decimal byte number and the differing bytes (in octal) for each difference. Write nothing for differing files; return non-zero exit status only. file1 file2 [skip1 [skip2]] The files or portions compared are identical. The files are different. comm(1), diff(1), cat(1) Describe only files whose ownership actually changes. Do not report files whose ownership fails to change. Lines only in file1. Lines only in file2. Lines in both files. If lines in either file are not ordered according to the collating sequence of the current locale, the results are not specified. If either file1 or file2 is -, comm uses standard input starting at the current location. Suppress the output column of lines unique to file1. Suppress the output column of lines unique to file2. Suppress the output column of lines duplicate in file1 and file2. file1 file2 Both files processed successfully. cmp(1), diff(1) cp - copy files If the last argument names an existing directory, cp copies each file into a file with the same name in that directory. Otherwise, if only two files are given, cp copies the first onto the second. It is an error if the last argument is not a directory and more than two files are given. By default directories are not copied. archive Preserve as much as possible of the structure and attributes of the original files in the copy. Equivalent to --physical --preserve --recursive. preserve Preserve file owner, group, permissions and timestamps. hierarchy|parents Form the name of each destination file by appending to the target directory a slash and the specified source file name. The last argument must be an existing directory. Missing destination directories are created. Follow command argument symbolic links, otherwise don't follow. link Make hard links to destination files instead of copies. logical|dereference Follow symbolic links and copy the files they point to. physical|nodereference Don't follow symbolic links; copy symbolic rather than the files they point to. force Replace existing destination files. interactive|prompt Prompt whether to replace existing destination files. An affirmative response (y or Y) replaces the file, a quit response (q or Q) exits immediately, and all other responses skip the file. Operate on the contents of directories recursively. symlink|symbolic-link Make symbolic links to destination files. update Replace a destination file only if its modification time is older than the corresponding source file modification time. Print the name of each file before operating on it. backup Make backups of files that are about to be replaced. See --suffix and --version-control for more information. backup-suffix|suffix A backup file is made by renaming the file to the same name with the backup suffix appended. The backup suffix is determined in this order: this option, the SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX, environment variable, or the default value ~. suffix backup-type|version-control The backup type is determined in this order: this option, the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable, or the default value existing. type may be one of: type Always make numbered backups. The numbered backup suffix is .SNS, where S is the backup-suffix and N is the version number, starting at 1, incremented with each version. Make numbered backups of files that already have them, otherwise simple backups. Always make simple backups. xdev|local|mount|one-file-system Do not descend into directories in different filesystems than their parents. source destination Cause the permission selected to be propagated to more restrictive groups. cut - cut out selected columns or fields of each line of a file cut bytes, characters, or character-delimited fields from one or more files, contatenating them on standard output. The option argument list is a comma-separated or blank-separated list of positive numbers and ranges. Ranges can be of three forms. The first is two positive integers separated by a hyphen (low-high), which represents all fields from low to high. The second is a positive number preceded by a hyphen (-high), which represents all fields from field 1 to high. The last is a positive number followed by a hyphen (low-), which represents all fields from low to the last field, inclusive. Elements in the list can be repeated, can overlap, and can appear in any order. The order of the output is that of the input. One and only one of -b, -c, or -f must be specified. If no file is given, or if the file is -, cut cuts from standard input. The start of the file is defined as the current offset. bytes list cut based on a list of bytes. characters cut based on a list of characters. delimiter delim The field character for the -f option is set to delim. The default is the tab character. fields cut based on fields separated by the delimiter character specified with the -d optiion. nosplit Do not split characters. Currently ignored. suppress|only-delimited Suppress lines with no delimiter characters, when used with the -f option. By default, lines with no delimiters will be passsed in untouched. line-delimeter ldelim The line delimiter character for the -f option is set to ldelim. The default is the newline character. All files processed successfully. One or more files failed to open or could not be read. paste(1), grep(1) dirname - return directory portion of file name dirname treats string as a file name and returns the name of the directory containing the file name by deleting the last component from string. If string consists solely of / characters the output will be a single / unless PATH_LEADING_SLASHES returned by getconf(1) is 1 and string consists of multiple / characters in which case // will be output. Otherwise, trailing / characters are removed, and if there are no remaining / characters in string, the string . will be written to standard output. Otherwise, all characters following the last / are removed. If the remaining string consists solely of / characters, the output will be as if the original string had consisted solely as / characters as described above. Otherwise, all trailing slashes are removed and the output will be this string unless this string is empty. If empty the output will be .. string basename(1), getconf(1), dirname(3) expr - evaluate arguments as an expression expr evaluates an expression given as arguments and writes the result to standard output. The character 0 will be written to indicate a zero value and nothing will be written to indicate an empty string. Most of the functionality of expr is provided in a more natural way by the shell, sh(1), and expr is provided primarily for backward compatibility. Terms of the expression must be separate arguments. A string argument is one that can not be identified as an integer. Integer-valued arguments may be preceded by a unary plus or minus sign. Because many of the operators use characters that have special meaning to the shell, they must be quoted when entered from the shell. Expressions are formed from the operators listed below in order of increasing precedence within groups. All of the operators are left associative. The symbols expr1 and expr2 represent expressions formed from strings and integers and the following operators: expr1 | expr2 Returns the evaluation of expr1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise returns the evaluation of expr2. expr1 & expr2 Returns the evaluation of expr1 if neither expression evaluates to null or 0, otherwise returns 0. expr1 op expr2 Returns the result of a decimal integer comparison if both arguments are integers; otherwise, returns the result of a string comparison using the locale-specific collation sequence. The result of each comparison will be 1 if the specified relationship is true, or 0 if the relationship is false. op can be one of the following: Equal. Greater than. Greater than or equal to. Less than. Less than or equal to. Not equal to. Where op is + or -; addition or subtraction of decimal integer-valued arguments. Where op is *, / or %; multiplication, division, or remainder of the decimal integer-valued arguments. expr1 : expr2 The matching operator : compares expr1 with expr2, which must be a BRE. Normally, the matching operator returns the number of bytes matched and 0 on failure. However, if the pattern contains at least one sub-expression [\( . . .\)], the string corresponding to \1 will be returned. Grouping symbols. An expression can be placed within parenthesis to change precedence. For backwards compatibility, unrecognized options beginning with a - will be treated as operands. Portable applications should use -- to indicate end of options. operand ... The expression is neither null nor 0. The expression is null or 0. Invalid expressions. regcomp(5), grep(1), sh(1) fmt - simple text formatter fmt reads the input files and left justifies space separated words into lines width characters or less in length and writes the lines to the standard output. The standard input is read if - or no files are specified. Blank lines and interword spacing are preserved in the output. Indentation is preserved, and lines with identical indentation are joined and justified. fmt is meant to format mail messages prior to sending, but may also be useful for other simple tasks. For example, in vi(1) the command :!}fmt will justify the lines in the current paragraph. crown-margin Preserve the indentation of the first two lines within a paragraph, and align the left margin of each subsequent line with that of the second line. split-only Split lines only; do not join short lines to form longer ones. uniform-spacing One space between words, two after sentences. width Set the output line width to columns. columns:=72 [ file ... ] mailx(1), nroff(1), troff(1), vi(1), optget(3) fold - fold lines fold is a filter that folds lines from its input, breaking the lines to have a maximum of width column positions (or bytes if the -b option is specified). Lines are broken by the insertion of a newline character such that each output line is the maximum width possible that does not exceed the specified number of column positions, (or bytes). A line will not be broken in the middle of a character. chmod(1), tw(1), getconf(1), ls(1) paste(1) getconf - get configuration values getconf displays the system configuration value for name. If name is a filesystem specific variable then the value is determined relative to path or the current directory if path is omitted. If value is specified then getconf attempts to change the process local value to value. - may be used in place of path when it is not relevant. Only writable variables may be set; readonly variables cannot be changed. fsync|sync More than one variable may be set or queried by providing the name path value 3-tuple for each variable, specifying - for value when querying. fsync(2) each file after it is copied. all All known variables are written in name=value form to the standard output, one per line. Present for compatibility with other implementations. portable Display the named writable variables and values in a form that can be directly executed by sh(1) to set the values. If name is omitted then all writable variables are listed. readonly Display the named readonly variables in name=value form. If name is omitted then all readonly variables are listed. writable Display the named writable variables in name=value form. If name is omitted then all writable variables are listed. specification Ignored by this implementation. [ name [ path [ value ] ] ... ] pathchk(1), confstr(2), pathconf(2), sysconf(2), astgetconf(3) head - output beginning portion of one or more files head copies one or more input files to standard output stopping at a designated point for each file or to the end of the file whichever comes first. Copying ends at the point indicated by the options. By default a header of the form ==> filename <== is output before all but the first file but this can be changed with the -q and -v options. If no file is given, or if the file is -, head copies from standard input starting at the current location. The option argument for -c, and -s can optionally be followed by one of the following characters to specify a different unit other than a single byte: 512 bytes. 1-killobyte. 1-megabyte. For backwards compatibility, -number is equivalent to -n number. lines lines:=10 Copy lines lines from each file. chars Copy chars bytes from each file. Never ouput filename headers. skip Skip skip characters or lines from each file before copying. Always ouput filename headers. All files copied successfully. One or more files did not copy. cat(1), tail(1) id - return user identity If no user operand is specified id writes user and group IDs and the corresponding user and group names of the invoking process to standard output. If the effective and real IDs do not match, both are written. Any supplementary groups the current process belongs to will also be written. If a user operand is specified and the process has permission, the user and group IDs and any supplementary group IDs of the selected user will be written to standard output. If any options are specified, then only a portion of the information is written. Write the name instead of the numeric ID. real Writes real ID instead of the effective ID. This option is ignored. group Writes only the group ID. user Writes only the user ID. groups Writes only the supplementary group IDs. fair-share Writes fair share scheduler IDs and groups on systems that support fair share scheduling. [user] Successful completion. logname(1), who(1), getgroups(2) join - relational database operator join performs an equality join on the files file1 and file2 and writes the resulting joined files to standard output. By default, a field is delimited by one or more spaces and tabs with leading spaces and/or tabs ignored. The -t option can be used to change the field delimiter. The first operand is interpreted as a file that contains a map of from_uid:from_gid to_uid:to_gid pairs. Ownership of files matching the from part of any pair is changed to the corresponding to part of the pair. The process stops at the first match for each file. Unmatched files are silently ignored. reference reclen empty string Replace empty output fields in the list selected with -o with string. output separator|tabs Use delim as the field separator for both input and output. field Join on field field of file1. Fields start at 1. Join on field field of file2. Fields start at 1. join Equivalent to -1 field -2 field. unpairable fileno Write a line for each unpairable line in file fileno, where fileno is either 1 or 2, in addition to the normal output. If -a options appear for both 1 and 2, then all unpairable lines will be output. suppress Write a line for each unpairable line in file fileno, where fileno is either 1 or 2, instead of the normal output. If -v options appear for both 1 and 2, then all unpairable lines will be output. ignorecase Ignore case in field comparisons. mmap Enable memory mapped reads instead of buffered. The following obsolete option forms are also recognized: -j field is equivalent to -1 field -2 field, -j1 field is equivalent to -1 field, and -j2 field is equivalent to -2 field. cut(1), comm(1), paste(1), sort(1), uniq(1) ln - link files If the last argument names an existing directory, ln links each file into a file with the same name in that directory. Otherwise, if only two files are given, ln links the first onto the second. It is an error if the last argument is not a directory and more than two files are given. By default directories are not linked. logname - return the user's login name logname writes the users's login name to standard output. The login name is the string that is returned by the getlogin(2) function. If getlogin(2) does not return successfully, the corresponding to the real user id of the calling process is used instead. getlogin(2) mkdir - make directories mkdir creates one or more directories. By default, the mode of created directories is a=rwx minus the bits set in the umask(1). mode Set the mode of created directories to mode. mode is symbolic or octal mode as in chmod(1). Relative modes assume an initial mode of a=rwx. parents Ensure that each given directory exists. Create any missing parent directories for each argument. Parent directories default to the umask modified by u+wx. Do not consider an argument directory that already exists to be an error. directory ... All directories created successfully, or the -p option was specified and all the specified directories now exist. chmod(1), rmdir(1), umask(1) mkfifo - make FIFOs (named pipes) mkfifo creates one or more FIFO's. By default, the mode of created FIFO is a=rw minus the bits set in the umask(1). Set the mode of created FIFO to mode. mode is symbolic or octal mode as in chmod(1). Relative modes assume an initial mode of a=rw. file ... All FIFO's created successfully. One or more FIFO's could not be created. chmod(1), umask(1) mv - rename files If the last argument names an existing directory, mv renames each file into a file with the same name in that directory. Otherwise, if only two files are given, mv renames the first onto the second. It is an error if the last argument is not a directory and more than two files are given. If a source and destination file reside on different filesystems then mv copies the file contents to the destination and then deletes the source file. paste - merge lines of files paste concatenates the corresponding lines of a given input file and writes the resulting lines to standard output. By default paste replaces the newline character of every line other than the last input file with the TAB character. Unless the -s option is specified, if an end-of-file is encountered on one or more input files, but not all input files, paste behaves as if empty lines were read from the file(s) on which end-of-file was detected. Unless the -s option is specified, paste is limited by the underlying operating system on how many file operands can be specified. If no file operands are given or if the file is -, paste reads from standard input. The start of the file is defined as the current offset. serial Paste the lines of one file at a time rather than one line from each file. In this case if the -d option is specified the delimiter will be reset to the first in the list at the beginning of each file. delimiters list specifies a list of delimiters. These delimiters are used circularly instead of TAB to replace the newline character of the input lines. Unless the -s option is specified, the delimiter will be reset to the first element of list each time a line is processed from each file. The delimiter characters corresponding to list will be found by treating list as an ANSI-C string, except that the \0 sequence will insert the empty string instead of the null character. cut(1), cat(1), join(1) pathchk - check pathnames for portability pathchk checks each pathname to see if it is valid and/or portable. A pathname is valid if it can be used to access or create a file without causing syntax errors. A file is portable, if no truncation will result on any conforming POSIX.1 implementation. By default pathchk checks each component of each pathname based on the underlying file system. A diagnostic is written to standard error for each pathname that: Omit the explicit ownership operand and use the ownership of file instead. Contains any component longer than $(getconf NAME_MAX) bytes. Contains any directory component in a directory that is not searchable. Contains any character in any component that is not valid in its containing directory. portability Omit the mode operand and use the mode of file instead. pathname ... All pathname operands passed all of the checks. fds - list open file descriptor status rev - reverse the characters or lines of one or more files rev copies one or more files to standard output reversing the order of characters on every line of the file or reversing the order of lines of the file if -l is specified. If no file is given, or if the file is -, rev copies from standard input starting at the current offset. line Reverse the lines of the file. rmdir - remove empty directories rmdir deletes each given directory. The directory must be empty; containing no entries other than . or ... If a directory and a subdirectory of that directory are specified as operands, the subdirectory must be specified before the parent so that the parent directory will be empty when rmdir attempts to remove it. fds lists the status for each open file descriptor. When invoked as a shell builtin it accesses the file descriptors of the calling shell, otherwise it lists the file descriptors passed across exec(2). All directories deleted successfully. One or more directories could not be deleted. mkdir(1), rm(1) tail - output trailing portion of one or more files tail copies one or more input files to standard output starting at a designated point for each file. Copying starts at the point indicated by the options and is unlimited in size. By default a header of the form ==> filename <== is output before all but the first file but this can be changed with the -q and -v options. If no file is given, or if the file is -, tail copies from standard input. The start of the file is defined as the current offset. The option argument for -c can optionally be followed by one of the following characters to specify a different unit other than a single byte: 1-kilobyte. For backwards compatibility, -number is equivalent to -n number and +number is equivalent to -n -number. Copy lines lines from each file. A negative value for lines indicates an offset from the start of the file. Copy chars bytes from each file. A negative value for chars indicates an offset from the start of the file. forever|follow Loop forever trying to read more characters as the end of each file to copy new data. Ignored if reading from a pipe or fifo. reverse Output lines in reverse order. timeout pax(1), fsync(2), rename(2), unlink(2), remove(3) seconds minutes hours days weeks months years scores comm - select or reject lines common to two files tee - duplicate standard input tee copies standard input to standard output and to zero or more files. The options determine whether the specified files are overwritten or appended to. The tee utility does not buffer output. If writes to any file fail, writes to other files continue although tee will exit with a non-zero exit status. The number of file operands that can be specified is limited by the underlying operating system. append Append the standard input to the given files rather than overwriting them. ignore-interrupts Ignore SIGINT signal. All files copies successfully. cat(1), signal(3) tty - write the name of the terminal to standard output tty writes the name of the terminal that is connected to standard input onto standard output. If standard input is not a terminal, "not a tty" will be written to standard output. silent|quiet Don't write anything, just return exit status. This option is obsolete. Standard input is a tty. Standard input is not a tty. Invalid arguments. A an error occurred. uname - identify the current system file Equivalent to -snrvm. date The host id in hex. epoch Equivalent to -snrvmphCdtbiRX. machine The name of the hardware type the system is running on. nodename test processor The name of the processor instruction set architecture. release The release level of the operating system implementation. time zone name The operating system name. This is the default. The operating system implementation version level. sethost Set the hostname or nodename to name. No output is written to standard output. comm reads two files file1 and file2 which should be ordered in the collating sequence of the current locale, and produces three text columns as output: uniq - Report or filter out repeated lines in a file uniq reads an input, comparing adjacent lines, and writing one copy of each input line on the output. The second and succeeding copies of the repeated adjacent lines are not written. If the output file, outfile, is not specified, uniq writes to standard output. If no infile is given, or if the infile is -, uniq reads from standard input with the start of the file is defined as the current offset. count Output the number of times each line occurred along with the line. repeated|duplicates Only output duplicate lines. skip-fields fields is the number of fields to skip over before checking for uniqueness. A field is the minimal string matching the BRE [[:blank:]]*[^[:blank:]]*. skip-chars chars is the number of characters to skip over before checking for uniqueness. If specified along with -f, the first chars after the first fields are ignored. If the chars specifies more characters than are on the line, an empty string will be used for comparison. unique Output unique lines. check-chars chars is the number of characters to compare after skipping any specified fields and characters. [infile [outfile]] The input file was successfully processed. sort(1), grep(1) wc - print the number of bytes, words, and lines in files wc reads one or more input files and, by default, for each file writes a line containing the number of newlines, words, and bytes contained in each file followed by the file name to standard output in that order. A word is defined to be a non-zero length string delimited by isspace(3) characters. If more than one file is specified, wc writes a total count for all of the named files with total written instead of the file name. By default, wc writes all three counts. Options can specified so that only certain counts are written. The options -c and -m are mutually exclusive. If no file is given, or if the file is -, wc reads from standard input and no filename is written to standard output. The start of the file is defined as the current offset. Writes the line counts. words Writes the word counts. bytes|chars:chars Writes the byte counts. multibyte-chars Writes the character counts. cat(1), isspace(3) group owner and group owner write error %c requires numeric argument long %d: width must be positive Output the date in seconds since the epoch. Equivalent to --format=%s. %s: '%s' not in portable character set %s: %s %s error %s: %s read stream error %s: %s write stream error %s: %s: invalid skip %s: EOF %s: cannot %s %s protection %s: cannot %s existing directory %s: cannot %s existing file %s: cannot backup to %s %s: cannot change mode %s: cannot change%s %s: cannot copy -- unknown file type 0%o %s: cannot copy non-terminal symbolic link %s: cannot copy special file to %s %s: cannot copy symbolic link to %s %s: cannot create directory -- %s ignored %s: cannot create %s: cannot link directory %s: cannot link to %s %s: cannot open %s: cannot read directory %s: cannot read symbolic link text %s: cannot read %s: cannot remove %s: cannot rename to %s %s: cannot reset directory mode to %s %s: cannot reset access and modify times %s: cannot reset group to %s %s: cannot reset mode to %s %s: cannot reset owner to %s and group to %s %s: cannot reset owner to %s %s: cannot search directory %s: cannot set host name %s: cannot stat %s: cannot write %s: component name %.*s too long %s: directory -- copying as plain file %s: directory causes cycle %s: identical to %s %s: invalid elapsed time %s: invalid field list %s: invalid mode %s: last argument must be a directory %s: name not found %s: not a directory -- %s ignored %s: not a directory %s: not found %s: pathname too long %s: read error %s: seek error %s: seek may fail %s: unknown backup type %s: unknown group %s: unknown operator argument %s: unknown user %u: fss name not found --reverse requires line mode --timeout ignored for --noforever %s: file number must be 1 or 2 -jfileno field: fileno must be 1 or 2 argument expected b, c or f option must be specified bad list for c/f option c and m are mutually exclusive c option already specified cannot copy closing parenthesis missing division by zero f option already specified field number must positive incompatible options selected information unavailable internal error invalid range for c/f option no space non-empty b, c or f option must be specified non-numeric argument not implemented set (default or +) or clear (-) flag for the remainder of format, or for the remainder of the process if == is specified. flag may be: out of space [group array] List file descriptor details. out of space [id map] out of space [side buffer] out of space [tmp string] out of space overwrite read error replace s option requires f option syntax error too many arguments AHA close name=%s sp=%p width out of range write error write failed The join field is a field in each file on which files are compared. By default join writes one line in the output for each pair of lines in files1 and files2 that have identical join fields. The default output line consists of the join field, then the remaining fields from file1, then the remaining fields from file2, but this can be changed with the -o option. The -a option can be used to add unmatched lines to the output. The -v option can be used to output only unmatched lines. The files file1 and file2 must be ordered in the collating sequence of sort -b on the fields on which they are to be joined otherwise the results are unspecified. Construct the output line to comprise the fields specified in a blank or comma separated list list. Each element in list consists of a file number (either 1 or 2), a period, and a field number or 0 representing the join field. As an obsolete feature multiple occurrences of -o can be specified. Canonicalize output for testing. [[owner:]group] file ... [owner[:group]] file ... If either file1 or file2 is -, join uses standard input starting at the current location. out of space [id dictionary] If reclen > 0, the input will be read as fixed length records of length reclen when used with the -b or -c option. nonewline Do not output new-lines at end of each record when used with the -b or -c option. Equivalent to string : expr. length character substring of string starting at pos (counting from 1). The position in string (counting from 1) of the leftmost occurrence of any character in chars. The number of characters in string. Treat token as a string operand. Unless the -b option is specified, the following will be treated specially:]{[+carriage-return?The current count of line width will be set to zero. fold will not insert a newline immediately before or after a carriage-return.][+backspace?If positive, the current count of line width will be decremented by one. fold will not insert a newline immediately before or after a backspace.][+tab?Each tab character encountered will advance the column position to the next tab stop. Tab stops are at each column position n, where n modulo 8 equals 1.]}[+?If no file is given, or if the file is -, fold reads from standard input. The start of the file is defined as the current offset.][b:bytes?Count bytes rather than columns so that each carriage-return, backspace, and tab counts as 1.][c:continue?Emit text at line splits.]:[text:='\n'][d:delimiter?Break at delim boundaries.]:[delim][s:spaces?Break at word boundaries. If the line contains any blanks, (spaces or tabs), within the first width column positions or bytes, the line is broken after the last blank meeting the width constraint.][w:width]#[width:=80?Use a maximum line length of width columns instead of the default.] The current value for name is written to the standard output. If name is valid but undefined then undefined is written to the standard output. If name is invalid or an error occurs in determining its value, then a diagnostic written to the standard error and getconf exits with a non-zero exit status. If no operands are specified then all known variables are written in name=value form to the standard output, one per line. Only one of --call, --name or --standard may be specified. base List base variable name sans call and standard prefixes. call Display variables with call prefix that matches RE. The call prefixes are: RE confstr(2) pathconf(2) sysconf(2) sysinfo(2) date - set/list/convert dates date sets the current date and time (with appropriate privilege), lists the current date or file dates, or converts dates. Most common date forms are recognized, including those for crontab(1), ls(1), touch(1), and the default output from date itself. Constant value. Century - 1, 19-20. Year in century, 00-99. Month, 01-12. Day of month, 01-31. Hour, 00-23. Minute, 00-59. Seconds, 00-60. If more than one date operand is specified then: Each operand sets the reference date for the next operand. The date is listed for each operand. The system date is not set. access-time|atime List file argument access times. change-time|ctime List file argument change times. If the date operand consists of 4, 6, 8, 10 or 12 digits followed by an optional . and two digits then it is interpreted as: HHMM.SS, ddHHMM.SS, mmddHHMM.SS, mmddHHMMyy.SS or yymmddHHMM.SS, or mmddHHMMccyy.SS or ccyymmddHHMM.SS. Conflicting standards and practice allow a leading or trailing 2 or 4 digit year for the 10 and 12 digit forms; the X/Open trailing form is used to disambiguate (touch(1) uses the leading form.) Avoid the 10 digit form to avoid confusion. The digit fields are: Use date as the current date and do not set the system clock. defined elapsed Interpret pairs of arguments as start and stop dates, sum the differences between all pairs, and list the result as a fmtelapsed(3) elapsed time on the standard output. If there are an odd number of arguments then the last time argument is differenced with the current time. format % character abbreviated weekday name full weekday name abbreviated month name ctime(3) style date without the trailing newline 2-digit century day of month number date as mm/dd/yy blank padded day of month number unpadded day of month number locale default override date format locale default date format ls(1) -l recent date with hh:mm ls(1) -l distant date with yyyy 24-hour clock hour international date(1) date with time zone type name 12-hour clock hour 1-offset Julian date 0-offset Julian date date(1) style date Output the date according to the strftime(3) format. For backwards compatibility, a first argument of the form +format is equivalent to -f format. format is in printf(3) style, where %field names a fixed size field, zero padded if necessary, and \c and \nnn sequences are as in C. Invalid %field specifications and all other characters are copied without change. field may be preceded by %- to turn off padding or %_ to pad with space, otherwise numeric fields are padded with 0 and string fields are padded with space. field may also be preceded by E for alternate era representation or O for alternate digit representation (if supported by the current locale.) Finally, an integral width preceding field truncates the field to width characters. The fields are: all numeric date; equivalent to %Y-%m-%d+%H:%M:%S month number newline character meridian (e.g., AM or PM) 12-hour time as hh:mm:ss meridian 24-hour time as hh:mm tab character 24-hour time as hh:mm:ss week number with Sunday as the first day ISO week number (i18n is fun) ls(1) -l date; equivalent to %Q/%g/%G/ week number with Monday as the first day locale date style that includes month, day and year locale time style that includes hours and minutes 2-digit year (you'll be sorry) 4-digit year time zone SHHMM west of GMT offset where S is + or - weekday number 1(Monday)-7 Only display defined values when no operands are specified. enable leap second adjustments UTC time zone use alternate format if a default format override has not been specified, e.g., ls(1) uses "%?%l"; export TM_OPTIONS="format='override'" to override the default incremental|adjust Set the system time in incrementatl adjustments to avoid complete time shift shock. Negative adjustments still maintain monotonic increasing time. Not available on all systems. leap-seconds Include leap seconds in time calculations. Leap seconds after the ast library release date are not accounted for. modify-time|mtime List file argument modify times. network Set network time. parse Add format to the list of strptime(3) parse conversion formats. format follows the same conventions as the --format option, with the addition of these format fields: Show the date without setting the system time. utc|gmt|zulu Output dates in coordinated universal time (UTC). [ +format | date ... | file ... ] crontab(1), ls(1), touch(1), fmtelapsed(3), strftime(3), strptime(3), tm(3) weekday number 0(Sunday)-6 <del>recent<del>distant<del>: <del> is a unique delimter character; recent format for recent dates, distant format otherwise lowercase List variable names in lower case. Display variables with name that match RE. quote "..." quote values. standard Display variables with standard prefix that matches RE. Use the --table option to view all standard prefixes, including local additions. The standard prefixes available on all systems are: table Display the internal table that contains the name, standard, standard section, and system call symbol prefix for each variable. headers Output filename headers. log When a --forever file times out via --timeout, verify that the curent file has not been renamed and replaced by another file of the same name (a common log file practice) before giving up on the file. ENVIRONMENT Process local writable values that are different from the default are stored in the _AST_FEATURES environment variable. The _AST_FEATURES value is a space-separated list of name path value 3-tuples, where name is the system configuration name, path is the corresponding path, - if no path is applicable, and value is the system configuration value. quiet Don't output filename headers. For GNU compatibility. Stop checking after timeout elapses with no additional --forever output. A separate elapsed time is maintained for each file operand. There is no timeout by default. The default timeout unit is seconds. timeout may be a catenation of 1 or more integers, each followed by a 1 character suffix. The suffix may be omitted from the last integer, in which case it is interpreted as seconds. The supported suffixes are: cat(1), head(1), rev(1) List all sysinfo(2) names and values, one per line. hostname(1), getconf(1), uname(2), sysconf(2), sysinfo(2) %s: %s timeout %s: log file change rm - remove files rm removes the named file arguments. By default it does not remove directories. If a file is unwritable, the standard input is a terminal, and the --force option is not given, rm prompts the user for whether to remove the file. An affirmative response (y or Y) removes the file, a quit response (q or Q) causes rm to exit immediately, and all other responses skip the current file. clear|clobber Clear the contents of each file before removing by writing a 0 filled buffer the same size as the file, executing fsync(2) and closing before attempting to remove. Implemented only on systems that support fsync(2). directory remove(3) (or unlink(2)) directories rather than rmdir(2), and don't require that they be empty before removal. The caller requires sufficient privilege, not to mention a strong constitution, to use this option. Even though the directory must not be empty, rm still attempts to empty it before removal. Ignore nonexistent files and never prompt the user. Prompt whether to remove each file. An affirmative response (y or Y) removes the file, a quit response (q or Q) causes rm to exit immediately, and all other responses skip the current file. Remove the contents of directories recursively. Print the name of each file before removing it. mv(1), rmdir(2), unlink(2), remove(3) By default uname writes the operating system name to standard output. When options are specified, one or more system characteristics are written to standard output, space separated, on a single line. When more than one option is specifed the output is in the order specfied by the -A option below. Unsupported option values are listed as [option]. If any unknown options are specified then the local /usr/bin/uname is called. unconditional domain The domain name returned by getdomainname(2). host-id|id If --recursive and --force are also enabled then the owner read, write and execute modes are enabled (if not already enabled) for each directory before attempting to remove directory contents. implementation|platform The hardware implementation (platform); this is --host-id on some systems. If any name operands are specified then the sysinfo(2) values for each name are listed, separated by space, on one line. getconf(1), a pre-existing standard interface, provides access to the same information; do vendors read standards or just worry about making new ones? The hostname or nodename. --log ignored for --notimeout length argument expected os|system|sysname pattern argument expected position argument expected everything string argument expected extended-release The extended release name. nanoseconds 000000000-999999999 time zone type name (nation code) Postprocess (do not postprocess) output %d: invalid number of %s %s not implemented on this system %s: %s: invalid speed %s: %s: numeric argument expected %s: cannot %s directory %s: cannot clear data number of seconds since the epoch; .prec preceding s appends prec nanosecond digits, 9 if prec is omitted %s: data clear error %s: directory not removed %s: directory %s: hard link to directory %s: invalid date specification %s: missing numeric argument %s: not removed %s: unknown mode Alternate character to end the line Any character (only start character) can restart output. Otherwise, only start character can restart output Beep (do not beep) if a character arrives with full input buffer Char size 5 Char size 6 Char size 7 Char size 8 Clear (do not clear) high bit of input characters Disable (enable) flushing after intr and quit special characters Disable (enable) XON/XOFF flow control Disable (enable) modem control signals Disable raw input and output Discard (do not discard) data written to the terminal. Cleared by subsequent input to the terminal Discard output. Do not (do) print carriage returns in the first column Echo (do not echo) erased characters backward, between '\' and '/' Echo (do not echo) a newline after a kill character Echo (do not echo) control characters as ^c Echo (do not echo) erase characters as backspace-space-backspace Echo (do not echo) input characters Enable (disable) RTS/CTS handshaking Enable (disable) XON/XOFF flow control. Output is stopped with stop character Enable (disable) erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters Enable (disable) intr, quit, and susp special characters Enable (disable) input parity checking Enable (disable) input Enable (disable) non-POSIX special characters Enable (disable) parity generation and detection Enable raw input and output End the line Enter the next character typed literally, even if it is a special character Erase the current line Erase the last character entered Erase the last word entered Generate (do not generate) INTR signal on break Hangup (do not hangup) connection on last close Ignore (do not ignore) break characters Ignore (do not ignore) carriage return Ignore (do not ignore) characters with parity errors Line discipline number Map (do not map) upper-case to lower case Mark (do not mark) parity errors Mininmum number of characters to read in raw mode Newline performs (does not perform) a carriage return Number of .1 second intervals with raw mode Preserve (expand to spaces) tabs Redisplay pending input at next read and then automatically clear pendin Redraw the current line Reset all modes to some reasonable values Reset the erase and kill special characters to their default values Restart the output after stopping it Same as parenb parodd cs7 Same as -ixany Same as cols Same as echok (-echok); obsolete Same as hupcl Same as lcase Same as parenb -parodd cs7 Same as parenb -parodd cs7 Send a quit signal Send a terminal stop signal after flushing the input. Send a terminal stop signal Send an end of file Send an interrupt signal Set xcase, iuclc, and olcuc Stop (do not stop) background jobs that try to write to the terminal Stop the output Switch to a different shell layer Translate (do not translate) carriage return to newline Translate (do not translate) lowercase characters to uppercase Translate (do not translate) newline to carriage return-newline Use DEL (NUL) as fill characters for delays Use fill characters (use timing) for delays Use two (one) stop bits n is the input baud rate n is the number of columns for display n is the number of lines for display n is the output baud rate cannot set %s cannot set system time cannot set tty missing argument to %s not a tty out of space [format] seconds 00-60 chars argument expected convert %S as %S.%N equivalent to %s list-zones If the format failed before this point then restart the parse with the remaining format. Call the tmdate(3) heuristic parser. This is is the default when --parse is omitted. List the known time zone table and exit. The table columns are: country code, standard zone name, savings time zone name, minutes west of UTC, and savings time minutes offset. Blank or empty entries are listed as -. optget Format concatenated optget(3) usage strings. Is longer than $(getconf PATH_MAX) bytes. Is empty. Instead of performing length checks on the underlying file system, write a diagnostic for each pathname operand that: Is longer than $(getconf _POSIX_PATH_MAX) bytes. Contains any component longer than $(getconf _POSIX_NAME_MAX) bytes. Contains any character in any component that is not in the portable filename character set. Remove each explicit directory argument directory that becomes empty after its child directories are removed. %s: %I*d: positive numeric option argument expected %s: cannot position file to tail %s: path component begins with '-' path is empty